Why Péter Magyar’s Hungary will likely become a ‘normal’ EU member state

In Brussels, the relief was palpable after the defeat of Viktor Orbán, the EU leader who recently declared himself at Vladimir Putin’s service. For the EU, Péter Magyar’s victory was all the sweeter, as voters decisively rejected Orbán’s fear-mongering campaign that sought to portray him in cahoots with the “dangerous” European Commission leader, Ursula von der Leyen, and the Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelenskyy.

In 16 years as Hungary’s prime minister, Orbán has slowed, opposed, mocked or blocked numerous EU decisions – above all on European support for Ukraine.

One of the most urgent questions now for the EU will be how quickly Magyar will lift Hungary’s block on a critical €90bn loan for Ukraine and the union’s 20th round of sanctions against Russia.

Magyar said on Monday he was ready to support the €90bn EU loan for Ukraine as long as Hungary did not take part – the same terms agreed by Orbán last December. But his lukewarm support for Ukraine’s EU accession (“not in the next ten years”) and sanctions on Russia is likely to raise concerns, especially for Kyiv’s staunchest supporters, such as Poland and the Baltics. Magyar told reporters he hoped Russia’s aggression on Ukraine would end soon and then Europe would “immediately” lift sanctions. “I understand the moral issues … but let’s not shoot ourselves in the leg,” he said, raising concerns about the economic cost.

His views recall the Belgian prime minister, Bart De Wever, who was heavily criticised for saying Europe needed to regain access to cheap Russian energy. Privately, some western EU member states also share anxieties about a rapid timetable for Ukraine’s EU accession.

Speaking on Monday, von der Leyen did not dwell on these details. She compared the magnitude of Sunday’s result to the 1956 Hungarian uprising against the Soviet Union and to 1989, when Hungarians became the first in the eastern bloc to dismantle the barbed wire fences that divided Europe. “We will start working with the government as soon as possible,” she told reporters when asked about the €90bn loan and Hungary’s frozen funds.

Energy also remains a sensitive subject. While Magyar’s Tisza party has promised to phase out Russian energy imports by 2035, the EU wants to move much faster – it hopes to end all Russian oil and gas by the end of 2027. Analysts suggest a central role will be played by Magyar’s likely pick for foreign minister, Anita Orbán, a former diplomat, unrelated to the current prime minister, who has written books on how the Kremlin uses energy as a foreign policy tool.

Despite these tensions, Hungary under Magyar looks likely to be a “normal” EU member state, which argues for its own interests, rather than seeking to weaponise vetoes and EU processes to promote those of Russia. “He’s a national conservative EPP guy,” said Daniel Hegedüs, senior visiting fellow at the German Marshall Fund, referring to Magyar’s membership of the centre-right European People’s Party. “I think he understands that his political future and success is in some way tied to the redemocratisation of Hungary.”

For Magyar, a diplomat in Brussels during the Orbán years, the most urgent priority is to fulfil his campaign vow “to bring home” Hungary’s EU funds. Currently, €17bn in funds for Hungary’s economic development remain frozen, over failures to meet EU standards on fighting corruption, ensuring judicial independence, as well as disputes over academic freedom and Hungary’s anti-LGBTQ law. About €2.12bn has been lost permanently. But the clock is ticking: Hungary and the Commission need to agree on the use of nearly €10bn in grants and loans by the end of August. Any extension would require unanimous agreement by 27 member states.

Hegedüs sees a need for “constructive diplomacy” on both sides. “This is a sort of transactional standoff, but in a good sense,” he said. “The main output legitimacy for the new Hungarian government will be how fast and what amount of the frozen EU funding they can bring back home.” The EU, he said, should “trust but verify”.

Asylum and migration policy may also raise tensions. Hungary is being fined €1m a day for flouting EU asylum rules, an early headache for a new government that wants public finances on a more stable footing. Magyar said on Monday that Europe had “mismanaged” migration, referring to events of 2015 when more than one million people sought refugee status. He said “most countries” had “rather late” realised their initial stance was not good.

But Magyar’s views go with the prevailing wind. Since 2015 EU policies have moved in a more hardline direction, for example with growing support for offshore migration centres and tougher deportation orders. Meanwhile it is unclear how Magyar will handle issues such as as Orbán’s anti-LGBTQ law.

EU leaders will soon get the measure of Magyar the prime minister. His first foreign policy visits will be Warsaw, then Vienna. For some analysts the omission of Berlin – Hungary’s main economic partner – from the list looks like a downgrade.

László Andor, a Hungarian former EU commissioner, said: “I think it’s just inevitable that Hungary starts this new chapter of reintegrating in European policies and values, which is demanded especially by the young generation.”

Andor, a Social Democrat economist, said generation Z played a decisive, but under-appreciated role in Magyar’s landslide, naming them as “the young people who have meagre economic opportunities and have been excluded from Erasmus”, as a result of economic stagnation and disputes with the EU that hit Hungarian participation in the student exchange programme.

“They quietly waited for the moment when this could change electorally.”

Additional reporting by Jakub Krupa